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Exposure to a mixture of phthalates causes reproductive harm in an additive manner. Rats exposed prenatally to a combination of DEHP and DBP had decreased testosterone levels and decreased expression of genes important for gonadal development. This research has important implications for humans who are continually exposed to low doses of a mixture of phthalates. Toxicological Sciences 8 July 2007. More... [related story]
Prenatal exposure to a mixture of anti-androgenic chemicals produces changes in the structure of and genes expressed in male reproductive organs. Rats exposed to a mixture of vinclozolin, flutamide and procymidone had abnormal development of the prostate, seminal vesicles and epididymis. Exposure to low doses of each individual chemical did not cause these effects but exposure to a mixture of low doses did, indicating an additive effect. This research has important implications for similar conditions in humans, who are routinely exposed to mixtures of low doses of chemicals. Toxicological Sciences 1 July 2007. More... [related story] [Subscription Required]
Exposure to perfluorinated chemicals is associated with changes in male hormone levels and abnormal testicles. Rats exposed to perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA) had markedly decreased levels of testosterone and changes in expression of genes associated with hormone production. Changes in the ultra-structure of the testis also was noted. Toxicological Sciences. 1 July 2007. More... [related story] [Subscription Required]
Exposure to arsenic during early pregnancy interferes with placenta formation causing spontaneous abortion. This abortive effect in mice after exposures to high levels of arsenic appears to be the result of interference with blood vessel formation. This may explain why women exposed to high levels of arsenic in their drinking water have high rates of spontaneous abortion and infertility. Toxicological Sciences 14 June 2007. More... [Subscription Required]
Female rats exposed pre-natally to testosterone have masculine traits at birth. Position in the womb next to a male sibling did not cause masculinization of females. However administration of testosterone during gestation did cause an increase in ano-genital distance, a decrease in nipple number, and at high doses the formation of prostate tissue. This research has implications for prenatal exposures to endocrine disrupting chemicals. Toxicological Sciences. 1 April 2007. More... [Subscription Required]
Scientists caution that assisted reproductive technologies (ART) could transfer reproductive abnormalities to subsequent generations. ART removes many barriers to reproduction, including possible epigenetic changes to DNA, that can make a couple unable to have children. Epigenetics is an emerging area of science and the ability of chemical exposures to cause infertility through this mechanism has not yet been shown in humans. Toxicological Sciences. 1 April 2007. More... [Subscription Required]
Confirming previous studies showing arsenic as an endocrine disruptor, new study shows arsenic interferes with estrogen signaling. Experiments in the chick embryo liver and cell cultures showed that arsenic strongly suppressed expression of genes turned on by estrogen. Arsenic effects on estrogen gene regulation were largely similar to those effects observed on other steroid receptors, though a low dose did not stimulate gene expression. Toxicological Sciences 5 February 2007. More...
Science Byte: PFOA altered expression of over 500 genes in a microarray study of the liver tissue of rats that had been treated for 21 days. Genes involved in lipid transport and metabolism were the largest categories of those whose activities were increased. Genes involved in a number of basic cellular activities were also affected, including cell communication, growth, immunity, hormone regulation and cell adhesion. Toxicological Sciences. 10 April 2006. More... [related stories]
Science Byte: A study of mouse nerve cells finds that mixtures of food additives suppress proper cell growth and signaling. Four additives were studied: aspartame, monosodium glutamate (MSG) and the artificial colourings brilliant blue and quinoline yellow. The concentrations used in the experiments were what could be ingested in a typical snack or drink. The mixtures of the additives had a much stronger effect than each additive on its own. Toxicological Sciences. 21 December 2005. More... [related stories]
A new theory proposes that pre-natal exposure to phthalates cause inflammation in the womb and leads to preterm delivery. In animal studies, phthalate exposure initiates a cascade of cellular events culminating in the release of inflammatory factors. This inflammation could, in turn, result in preterm delivery. Experimental studies need to be done to confirm this hypothesis. Toxicological Sciences 1 May 2005. More... [related stories]
Experiments with pregnant rats reveal that windows of vulnerability during fetal development for specific impacts can be extremely narrow. For example, exposures to an anti-androgen cause hypospadias in over 50% of fetuses exposed on gestational day 17 but in none on day 16 and fewer than 10% on day 18. Similar patterns were seen for different health effects. Current human epidemiology would have difficulty detecting these strong effects. Toxicological Sciences. 9 April 2005. More... [related stories]
Science Byte: Male rats are feminized by perinatal exposure to prochloraz, a commonly-used fungicide. Effects include reductions in testosterone levels, an increase in nipple retention and heightened activity levels. The effects are probably caused by decreases in hormone production. Toxicological Sciences. 5 April 2005. More... [related story]
In laboratory studies, exposure to the phthalate, DEHP, causes alterations in cellular metabolism in the placenta. Cells isolated from the rat placenta were exposed to DEHP and its metabolites, MEHP and EHA. Exposure caused changes in the expression of genes involved in cell metabolism and differentiation and also caused changes in fatty acid transport. Together these results suggest exposure to DEHP could interfere with placenta function and fetal development. Toxicological Sciences 12 January 2005. More... [related stories]
Exposure to a mixture of PCBs, dioxins and furans is found to have effects similar to TCDD. The mixture composition approximated the relative abundance of these compounds in foodstuff and was equivalent to 1 microg TCDD toxic equivalency factor/kg. This mixture significantly increased the time to puberty in both male and female offspring and in females, caused dose-dependent increases in the incidence of vaginal thread. The use of the WHO consensus TEFs reasonably predicts the developmental toxicity of this mixture of dioxin-like chemicals. Toxicological Sciences 2 May 2003. More...
Laboratory studies of mature rats exposed to mixture of low dose of persistent pollutants and heavy metals finds only minor effects on immune function, reproductive hormone levels, or general indices of reproductive function measures. While this data suggests there is no additive or synergistic effect on adults tissues, this study did not examine fetal exposures. Scientific evidence has raised concern about fetal exposures to environmental contaminants resulting in irreversible changes in organ development and hormone responsiveness. Toxicological Sciences 1 May 2002. More... [related stories]
Male rats exposed in the womb to the herbicide, linuron, show evidence of interference with the normal effects of testosterone and permanent reproductive malformations. Prenatal exposure caused a decrease in ano-genital distance and nipple retention. Also observed were malformations of the epididymis resulting in a back pressure into the testis and eventually, testicular atrophy. Toxicological Sciences 1 January 2002. More...
Exposure to phthlates alters sex organ development in male rats. Exposure to the phthalates DEHP, BBP and DINP in pregnant and nursing rats resulted in abnormal testes including undescended testicles, small testes, and reduced ano-genital distance. In addition, male baby rats were found to have femalelike nipples. These results are similar to finding in other animal species and with another phthalate, DBP, and provides strong support for the hypothesis that phthalate exposure during development causes male reproductive abnormalities. Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology 1 December 2000. More... [related stories]
Exposure to the phthalate, DEHP, disrupts male rat sexual differentiation by reducing testosterone to female levels in the fetal male rat. Pregnant rats exposed to DEHP during critical stages of fetal development, had males with small testes, decreased ano-genital distance, and low testosterone levels. Although an endocrine disruptor, the mechanism for endocrine disruption is not by binding to the androgen receptor. Toxicological Sciences 1 December 2000. More... [related stories]
Scientists at US EPA confirm exposure to TCDD causes an increase in the size of endometriosis lesions in studies of mice. Mice do not naturally develop endometriosis but can develop disease after surgical implantation of endometriosis lesions. The data confirm mice can be used as a mold for studying endometriosis and that the potent toxin TCDD can promote growth of lesions with both perinatal and adult exposures. Toxicological Sciences 1 November 2000. More...
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